25 June 2020 - The illegal wildlife trade is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has conducted a new study to provide guidance to countries on measures they can take to combat money laundering from the illegal wildlife trade.

当地时间2020年6月25日报道。非法贩卖野生动物（IWT）是一项重大的跨国有组织犯罪，每年产生的犯罪收益高达数十亿美元。金融行动特别工作组（FATF）进行了一项新的研究，为各国采取措施打击非法贩卖野生动物领域的洗钱活动提供指引。

Wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, to move, hide and launder their proceeds, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. One of the most effective ways to identify the broader criminal networks and take the profit out of this crime, is to follow the financial trails of wildlife traffickers.

野生动物贩运者利用金融和非金融行业的薄弱环节来转移、隐藏和清洗犯罪收益，这使野生动物犯罪进一步加剧，并破坏金融体系完整性。要想找出更广泛的犯罪网络并使其无法从中获利，最有效的方法之一就是跟踪野生动物贩运者的金融线索。

Despite the significant criminal gains involved, countries and private sector are not prioritising efforts to trace and combat financial flows from this trade in line with risk. To combat the financial flows from the illegal wildlife trade, countries should therefore as a priority:

尽管所涉犯罪收益数额巨大，但各国政府和私营部门并未根据风险状况优先开展追踪和打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的行动。因此，为了打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流，各国政府应当优先开展以下行动：

·         Identify and assess their money laundering risks relating to the illegal wildlife trade.

·         识别和评估该国面临的与非法贩卖野生动物有关的洗钱风险。

·         Ensure that national laws and powers for law enforcement allow authorities to go after the finances of wildlife traffickers, and to pursue financial investigations.

·         确保国家法律和执法权力允许当局追查野生动物贩运者的资金流，并进行金融调查。

The private sector also has an important role to play in combatting financial flows from IWT. This study therefore identifies good practices and risk indicators to assist private sector and countries to identify potential suspicious financial activity for the illegal wildlife trade.

私营部门在打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流方面也可以发挥重要作用。因此，本研究查明了好的做法和风险指标，以帮助私营部门和各国政府识别潜在的非法贩卖野生动物可疑金融活动。

This is the FATF’s first global report on this topic. It draws on inputs and case studies from over 50 countries from across the FATF Global Network and observers, as well as civil society and the United for Wildlife (UfW) Financial Taskforce.

作为FATF关于非法贩卖野生动物的首份全球报告，本报告借鉴了FATF全球网络和观察员组织50多个国家、以及社会团体和野生动物保护联盟（UfW）金融特别工作组的意见和案例研究。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

执行摘要

1. The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a major transnational organised crime, which generates billions of criminal proceeds each year. IWT fuels corruption, threatens biodiversity, and can have a significant negative impact on public health and the economy. To move, hide and launder their proceeds, wildlife traffickers exploit weaknesses in the financial and non-financial sectors, enabling further wildlife crimes and damaging financial integrity. Despite this, jurisdictions rarely investigate the financial trail left by this crime.

1、非法贩卖野生动物（IWT）是一项重大的跨国有组织犯罪，每年产生的犯罪收益高达数十亿美元。非法贩卖野生动物滋生腐败，威胁生物多样性，并可能对公共卫生和经济产生重大负面影响。野生动物贩运者利用金融和非金融行业的薄弱环节来转移、隐藏和清洗犯罪收益，这使野生动物犯罪进一步加剧，并破坏金融体系完整性。尽管如此，鲜有司法管辖区调查野生动物犯罪留下的金融线索。

2. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), as the global standard setter on anti-money laundering (AML), countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) and countering proliferation financing (CPF), is concerned about the lack of focus on the financial aspects of this crime, and has conducted this study to support jurisdictions to combat related money laundering. The FATF Standards (i.e. 40 Recommendations) provide a useful framework for jurisdictions to address these threats by strengthening their national laws, policies, and co-operation at the domestic and international level.

2、作为反洗钱、反恐怖融资和反扩散融资全球标准制定者，金融行动特别工作组（FATF）对各司法管辖区缺乏对野生动物犯罪金融方面的关注表示关切，并进行了本研究，以支持各司法管辖区打击相关洗钱活动。FATF标准（即40项建议）向各司法管辖区提供了通过强化国内法律、政策及国内和国际层面的合作来应对这些威胁的有用的框架。

3. This is the FATF’s first global report on IWT. It builds on previous studies by two of the FATF-Style Regional Bodies (FSRBs), work by other international bodies and recent initiatives by the private sector. This study by the FATF makes a unique contribution by assessing the money laundering (ML) aspects of wildlife crimes, and by demonstrating how jurisdictions should apply the FATF standards to combat IWT. The findings in this report are based on inputs from around 50 jurisdictions across the FATF Global Network, as well as expertise from the private sector and civil society.

3、作为FATF关于非法贩卖野生动物的首份全球报告，本报告以两个区域性反洗钱组织（FSRB）的前期研究、其他国际组织的工作及私营部门最近的举措为基础。本研究在评估野生动物犯罪的洗钱风险和展示各司法管辖区应当如何运用FATF标准来打击非法贩卖野生动物方面作出了独特的贡献。本报告的调查结果是基于FATF全球网络约50个司法管辖区的意见、以及私营部门和社会团体的专业知识。

4. This study highlights that jurisdictions should view the proceeds generated by IWT as a global threat, rather than as a problem only for those jurisdictions where wildlife is illegally harvested, transited, or sold. In particular, criminals are frequently misusing the legitimate wildlife trade, as well as other import-export type businesses, as a front to move and hide illegal proceeds from wildlife crimes. They also rely regularly on corruption, complex fraud and tax evasion. Another key theme of this study is the growing role of online marketplaces and mobile and social media-based payments to facilitate movement of proceeds from wildlife crimes. These trends highlight the increasing importance of a coordinated response from public authorities, the private sector and civil society to identify and disrupt financial flows from IWT.

4、本研究强调，各司法管辖区应当将非法贩卖野生动物产生的犯罪收益视为一种全球威胁，而不仅仅是那些野生动物被非法捕猎、转运或出售的司法管辖区自己的问题。特别是，犯罪分子经常滥用合法的野生动物贸易和其他进出口贸易，作为转移和隐藏野生动物犯罪非法收益的幌子。他们还经常依赖腐败、复杂的欺诈和逃税。本研究的另一个关键主题是，在线市场和基于社交媒体的移动支付在促进野生动物犯罪收益转移方面发挥着越来越大的作用。这些趋势表明，公共当局、私营部门和社会团体采取协调应对措施以识别和破坏非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的重要性日益增加。

5. As in prior studies, the FATF has found that despite IWT’s global impact, public and private sectors in many jurisdictions have to date not prioritised combatting the financial flows connected to IWT in line with risk. Jurisdictions often do not have the knowledge, legislative basis, and resources required to assess and combat the threat posed by these funds. This limited focus on the financial side of IWT has largely prevented jurisdictions from being able to identify and sanction IWT networks.

5、与以往的研究一样，FATF发现，尽管非法贩卖野生动物具有全球影响，但迄今为止，许多司法管辖区的公共和私营部门并未根据风险状况优先开展打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的行动。各司法管辖区往往不具备评估和打击这些资金流构成的威胁所需的知识、法律基础和资源。缺乏对非法贩卖野生动物金融方面的关注，在很大程度上阻碍了各司法管辖区识别和制裁非法贩卖野生动物网络。

6. To address these challenges, jurisdictions should consider implementing the following good practices that were observed during the study:

6、为应对这些挑战，各司法管辖区应当考虑执行本研究进行期间发现的以下好的做法：

·         Prioritise combatting the financial flows associated with IWT proportionate to risk.

·         根据风险状况优先开展打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的行动。

·         Provide all relevant agencies with the necessary mandate and tools to conduct successful financial investigations into IWT.

·         向所有相关机构提供必要的授权和工具，以便对非法贩卖野生动物进行成功的金融调查。

·         Improve co-ordination between authorities responsible for combatting wildlife crimes and those responsible for conducting financial investigations to ensure authorities more regularly exchange information and follow the financial trail.

·         改善负责打击野生动物犯罪的当局与负责进行金融调查的当局之间的协调，以确保当局更有规律地交换信息和跟踪金融线索。

·         Cooperate with other jurisdictions, relevant international organisations and the private sector to combat IWT.

·         与其他司法管辖区、相关国际组织及私营部门合作，共同打击非法贩卖野生动物。

7. A comprehensive list of proposed actions to strengthen measures to tackle the financial flows associated with IWT is included on pages 58 to 60 of this report.

7、本报告第58至60页列出了建议采取的强化应对非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的措施的完整清单。

8. This study greatly improves the FATF Global Network’s understanding of the financial flows from IWT, including through presenting IWT risk indicators on pages 60 to 62 relevant for public authorities and the private sector. However, there is still work to be done. This report shows the need to further improve the FATF Global Network’s collective understanding of the risk relating to IWT, including work on the role of non-financial entities in combatting IWT financial flows, greater understanding of the differing geographic supply chains, and good practices to address unique challenges in managing assets recovered during wildlife crime investigations.

8、本研究通过在第60至62页提出与公共当局和私营部门相关的非法贩卖野生动物风险指标等一系列措施，极大地提高了FATF全球网络对非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的理解。然而，我们需要做的事情还有很多。本报告显示了进一步提高FATF全球网络对非法贩卖野生动物相关风险的整体理解的必要性，包括就非金融机构在打击非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流方面的作用开展工作、更好地理解不同地域的供应链、以及解决对野生动物犯罪调查期间追回资产进行管理的独特挑战的好的做法。

9. It is essential that jurisdictions maintain their focus on IWT financial flows to achieve meaningful progress in addressing the challenges identified in this study.

9、至关重要的是，各司法管辖区必须保持对非法贩卖野生动物相关资金流的关注，以便在应对本研究查明的挑战方面取得实质性进展。

（注：本文封面图片来源于FATF官方网站。）